Analysis Of The Movie The Lottery By Shirley Jackson

Sereen Qader English 1301 Professor Lail April 27 2016 The Unlucky Winner â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story written by Shirley Jackson in late June of 1948. Jackson was born into a middle class family and her parents are Leslie Jackson, who was a stay at home housewife, and Geraldine Jackson, who was an employee of a lithographing company. Jackson loved to write in her early years, as a child she would always write poems and always kept a journal. Although Jackson spent her first few years in California, around her teenage years her family moved to Rochester, New York. Jackson attended the University of Rochester after she graduated from high school for a short period of time, but then later on dropped out after suffering from mental depression that she had and that was to recur periodically throughout her life, Jackson left school to concentrate primarily on writing. However, later on receiving her bachelor s degree at Syracuse University and began working at Syracuse University for the school newspaper, and that is where she met her husband, Stanley Edgar Hyman. After graduating college, Jackson and Hyman got married and moved to Vermont. Jackson wrote many short stories, novels, and memoirs, but is best known for her fictional short story â€Å"The Lottery.† The short story reveals the mysterious, yet meaningless practices of an old tradition previously practiced in small-town America. Although written in 1948, this work remains relevant to the readers of today. TheShow MoreRelatedLuisaldo Mendiola. Professor Price. Engl 1302 Nt6. Research2132 Words   |  9 PagesLuisaldo Mendiola Professor Price ENGL 1302 NT6 Research Essay April 21, 2017 Tradition and the Sheep A Critical Analysis of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† Traditions are common part of culture and religion in the world today; almost everyone has a tradition that they follow. The traditions you practice can be new and only just have started with your generation or the generation before yours. The traditions could also have been old, spanning many generations before your generation and your parents’Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesRichard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean

Values of Different Religions - 3001 Words

MGT3020 – Business Ethics GROUP ASSIGNMENT COMPARATIVE ETHICS [B-H-J-I] MGT3020-Section 1 Matric No. 0935401 First name: Ziat Abdel-Jallal Gender: Male Matric No. 0920015 First name: Mohamed Sheikh Ali Musse Gender: Male Matric No. 0913681 First name: Mohamed Abdi Muse Gender: Male Due date: 9-12-2011 Submission date: 8-12-2011 Output: Hardcopy Softcopy Responsibility: Group E-mail of sender: aj.ziat@gmail.com Submission: Softcopy e-mail attachment; and hardcopy Destination e-mail: mgt3020@gmail.com Introduction An executive tends to interact with people from different religions and races. He/she is bound to encounter conflict with colleagues, subordinates, and superiors due to different values,†¦show more content†¦It is only on Sunday that the Christians gather in churches to pray and sing to the Lord. That is the only commemoration present nowadays in Christianity. Others, like Christmas, Easter and All Saints’ Day are obviously not having any effect on the workplace. Food is definitely not a matter as well. Description My group members and I equally divided the work, in the sense that Mohamed Sheikh Ali Musse and Mohamed Abdi Muse interviewed the different persons by interacting with them through e-mails, although it was hard to get anyone from Judaism or Sikhism in Malaysia but we will make an assumption for Judaism. Abdel-Jallal Ziat compiled everything in a comprehensive report which shows how the different religions interact between each other. We appreciate the fact that all of these religions are connected to the Islamic dogma in their message of peace, harmony, and fairness. It simply shows how Islam is the root of everything and that people deviated from the True Path for whatsoever reasons. We have been spending two weeks to finalize this assignment even though we did not really meet for several reasons (other assignments, lack of time) and fortunately it was enough for us to understand each other and be in tune with the differences and reconcile them. 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Thomas Jefferson tried to draft a bill that guaranteed all   citizens of any religion or no religion, legal equality in the state but his attempts fa iled. He stated â€Å"The legitimate powers of government extend to such actsRead MoreReligion And Politics : The Dwindling Of Secularism993 Words   |  4 Pages Religion and Politics: The Dwindling of Secularism Everyone has morals and beliefs that set a baseline for what they value. Values vary between individuals, but for many, religion is the root from where these values stem. While it is good to morally question, today personal religious affiliation is increasing in collective matters and actions, expressed in politics, protests, and biased beliefs. It is important to note that religion and politics are two different domains that should not intermingleRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Society1005 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Religion in Society The role of religion in society is definately a dynamic one. 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Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Euthanasia. Answer: Research Problem: The topic of this research paper is Euthanasia or the practice of physician-assisted suicide amongst the children and the role of parental consent in the same. In other words, this research paper aims to explore that since children are not allowed to choose death for themselves, how far can child Euthanasia be legalized, and the extent to which the parents can be granted the right to decide death for their children. The research topic is of sociological importance as Euthanasia is an issue involving social justice, especially in a case where the patient (a minor) is being denied the right of self-determination to choose death, and an integral structure of the society, his family or parents are involved in determining his right to live for him. The purpose of the research study is to determine if child Euthanasia should be legalized, and is it legal and an ethical alternative to transfer the childs right to life, to his parents. At times, children suffer from terminally ill diseases with no hope for survival, or from severe form of Autism, from where they have no chance of recovery (Carter, 2016). In such a situation, the research intends to comprehend if the parents should keep on spending billions of Euros on these children, who will never be able to contribute anything to the society, or should they take a firmly pragmatic step of ending their life. Previous Research Review: In the year of 2012, Netherland became the first country to legalize Euthanasia, although it clearly stated that the patient must be suffering from excruciating pain, his disease must be a fatal one, and the decision to die, must be made in full consciousness by the person (Chambaere et al., 2015). Thus, two conditions have always been deemed to be crucially important in case of a patient allowed Euthanasia- he must be allowed death if he is unable to bear the pain, and if he agrees to embrace death. Hence, external intervention of anyone, including the family members, paying for his medical expenses, should be dismissed while granting Euthanasia to a patient. Euthanasia, is widely regarded as an act of homicide, and as a medical practice, is still deemed to be illegal in countries like France, US, Germany and India, and others. According to research studies, conducted across the globe, of the total number of deaths in Oregon, 0.39% was physically assisted, while 0.32% of the deaths in Washington was assisted by the physician (Bousquet et al., 2016). Research reports also claimed that while pain was the most important reason behind half of the deaths reported by Euthanasia, loss of autonomy and dignity are often associated with chief motivators of Euthanasia (Emanuel et al., 2016). Based on the review of literary articles and sociological research papers published before, this present research study will be conducted with the aim of arguing against assigning the rights of killing a minor patient with the assistance of a medical expert. Research Design: The research aims to measure the responses of the medical experts and legal experts as well as parents, as integral parts of the society, on the parental right to kill a minor patient. The research study will employ the use of semi-structured interview with the legal and medical experts and the parents of children aged between 1 to 14 years, suffering from terminally ill diseases to collect primary, qualitative data related to parental right to perform Euthanasia (Brinkmann, 2014). Reference List: Bousquet, A., Guirimand, F., Aubry, R., Leboul, D. (2016). Palliative care unit caregivers facing a euthanasia request: A qualitative pilot study.MEDECINE PALLIATIVE,15(1), 4-14. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Carter, B. S. (2016). Why palliative care for children is preferable to euthanasia. Chambaere, K., Vander Stichele, R., Mortier, F., Cohen, J., Deliens, L. (2015). Recent trends in euthanasia and other end-of-life practices in Belgium.New England Journal of Medicine,372(12), 1179-1181. Emanuel, E. J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Urwin, J. W., Cohen, J. (2016). Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe.Jama,316(1), 79-90

Women as Leaders Essay Example For Students

Women as Leaders Essay More and more women are rising to the leadership challenge, even in some of the most male-dominated industries. The increase in the number of women attending university, in the workplace or starting their own business has demonstrated to men who own businesses that women can be both managers and mothers, thus showing their male counterpart that women can in fact â€Å"do it all†. In this paper the history of women in the workforce will be outlined, as well as the challenges they face. The changing attitudes towards women taking over family businesses will be looked at briefly, how women lead along with a comparison to how men lead, and a critique and conclusion of their leadership style will also be discussed. We will write a custom essay on Women as Leaders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now History and The Challenges Women FaceA number of events have occurred over the last twenty-five years or so that have resulted in the rise of the female in the work-for-pay world. Beginning in the mid-1970’s, women began going to business school and earning their Master’s of Business Administration and, as a result, building on that education and gaining work experience (Nelton, 1999). The days of the one income family are over. Females need to be armed with a university or college degree to be a contributor to this century’s model of the family unit and in this time of â€Å"education inflation†, the demand for higher education is growing at a staggering rate. In the corporate sector, the generation of women who entered the corporate world two to three decades ago have blazed the trail now followed by ever-growing numbers of women (Shaiko, 1997). The great strides women are making in the work force can be attributed to numerous factors including the:â€Å"passage of equal employment opportunitylegislation’s, modifications in job requirements,more females on the buying side, elevatededucational achievements by females, morewomen in business schools, the huge percentageof female business school graduates with‘androgynous’ orientations, and the willingnessof many young women to postpone marriage andchild-bearing.† (Comer, et.al, 1997)While women continue to make progressive strides toward equality, few have risen to the highest positions-leading companies to the new millenium (Andorka, 1998). Fortunately, women can now demand equal treatment in their respective organizations as a result of the aforementioned changes in history. Many companies have policies in places that require equality at work and punishment for those who do not adhere to such policies. There is a vast amount of evidence that women tend to occupy less powerful, lower paid, and lower status organizational positions than men. These divisions not only occur vertically, but on a horizontal scale as well. Women who seek to enter management level positions fight against stereotypes, discrimination, and myths, not to mention the fight to balance work and family. They have also been overwhelmed by unfamiliar products, skeptical clients or customers, guy talk, a scarcity of female associates and little or no empathy (Comer, et.al., 1997). Sheila Wellington, President of Catalyst, a non-profit organization for the advancement of women to corporate and professional leadership, said in a speech on October 23, 1996 to the Economic Club of Detroit in Detroit Michigan:â€Å"Let me be clear, I believe that most obstaclesto women’s advancement to the top are notintentional, they are a result of unexaminedassumptions about women’s career interestsand of policies and pr actices that have existed unquestioned over time in the corporate culture. With real commitment to change, the situationis remediable.† (Wellington, 1996)Perhaps, the â€Å"glass ceiling† that women are under is not the intent of their male counterparts. I believe that it is the socialization of men and women in our society that has lead to this imbalance in the work force. But, somewhere along the line, men have to realize and acknowledge the socialization they have endured is creating much disharmony and discontent among their female colleagues. The Torch is Passed- to the DaughterTwenty years ago, there was no place for women in most family businesses (Nelton, 1999). If they did have a position, it was presumably as secretary, assistant, or some other â€Å"behind-the-scenes† role. The traditional successor to the family business was the first-born son and if there was no son, then the widow was discouraged from running the company and urged to sell the business. Those days have since past. As women are achieving higher levels of education and are being employed in more prominent positions, their leadership roles in family organizations have increased (Brody, 1994. Many young women are refusing to accept the rule of â€Å"primogeniture† (Nelton, 1999). Primogeniture is defined as a birthright or an inheritance. Although women are making great strides in this arena, there is still the feeling out there that the son should be considered first and the daughter as a second option, only if there is no son or if the son declines the offer. But, Nelson says that, â€Å"young women by and large feel that if they want to go into the family business, the opportunity is there.†In each of the cases described by Nelson, the fathers encouraged their daughters to become involved in the family business.As well, each father let his daughter run the show once she was named CEO-the surest sign of support (Nelton, 1999). In more and more families and in business in general, gender is becoming a â€Å"non-issue†. As roles increasingly change on the home front, the business world will soon mirror the changes taking place in the family structure. Nelton also urges women in leadership roles to not lose sight of the bottom line. She says it is â€Å"easy for women to get caught up in the management of people† (Nelton, 1999). She goes on to say that if you cannot prove that you are also profit-driven, you will never make it to the successor level. .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .postImageUrl , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:visited , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:active { border:0!important; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:active , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison of Two Documentaries EssayThe Battle of the SexesThere are many characteristics that women inherently possess that make them great leaders. Women tend to handle juggling many tasks at the same time better than men do. Because women have traditionally been the primary caregiver in the home as well as taking care of the household chores, â€Å"juggling† or time management has become second nature to them. Although women are skilled in handling many tasks, studies have shown that women are for the most part, people-oriented, rather than task-oriented (Comer, et.al., 1997). Women also value relationships and tend to spend time nurturing those relationships with their family, as well as subordinates (Andorka, 1998). Coaching, counseling, and mentoring, and the building of relationships are among the many characteristics needed to be an effective leader. In the past, commanding and controlling were thought to be the answer to gaining compliance and hard work from employees. The majority of men lean toward the traditional ‘command and control’ style and were more likely to view job performance as a series of transactions with subordinates offering rewards for services rendered or punishment for inadequate performance (Brody, 1994). Women understand the effectiveness of immediate praise and tend to be more supportive of one another and the people who work for them. Men wait for proof of achievement before extending gratitude or compliments. In the book, Selling is a Woman’s Game, Nicki Joy outlines the characteristics she feels are unique to women that make them prone to leadership roles: â€Å"The talent to multi-task, willingness to payattention to detail, their interest in people, theirskill in picking up body language, moods andundertones of conversation, and their superiorlistening skills† (Comer, et.al., 1997)It is important to note that while the majority of women do possess all or some of these inter-personal skills, men are quite capable of exhibiting these same characteristics and it is also possible that there are women who do not possess any of these characteristics. Women are also said to be easy to motivate, are trustworthy and cooperative, and are careful planners (Blanchard, 1988). Current studies suggest that women tend to have strong skills in collaboration and group processes. Many behavioral scientists have concluded that, in general, women’s leadership style seeks consensus among subordinates rather than the more typically male independent decision making style. Women are sometimes faced with criticism for being too passive, but if she opts for a more task-oriented, directive style of leadership, she is seen as too aggressive or masculine-a â€Å"bitch† (Andorka, 1998). They use an interactive approach to management in which they encourage employees participation but also attempt to â€Å"enhance other people’s sense of self-worth and to energize followers† (Brody, 1994). Women in leadership roles in organizations are usually highly involved in the day-to-day operations and they seek advice from the community and their peers. When it comes to leadership and management, women â€Å"tend to lead in circles rather than pyramids† (Brody, 1994). That is to say that they lean towards creating a cooperative atmosphere rather than a hierarchical, competitive environment. They possess superior creative problem solving and intuitive management skills, these among their other interpersonal skills have been encouraged throughout their lives and they have relied on those very skills in each and everyone of their relationships. Because of women’s socialization, these characteristics have come to the forefront. As children, women are encouraged to listen, to build relationships, to be considerate of other’s feelings and opinions and so on. As a result, a new breed of leaders was born. The Leadership ChallengeWhat, if any, characteristics of a leader outlined in the Leadership Challenge, do women possess? Well, to begin with Part 4, Enabling Others to Act.Kouzes Posner found in their research that in cases of success, it was almost never done alone. Women possess a superior sense of teamwork, cooperation, and collaboration. â€Å"If the goal is to improve performance, thewinning bet will be on cooperation overcompetition every time. Competition almostnever results in best performance; pursuing excellence is a collaborator’s game†(Kouzes Posner, p. 152). Especially in joint tasks, cooperation and collaboration are keys to success. Enabling others to act is innate in women. Again, as primary caregivers, they are subject to letting their children go and experience life and make their own mistakes, this is just second nature to women. .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .postImageUrl , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:visited , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:active { border:0!important; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:active , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Alchemist EssayReciprocity is key in executing effective leadership. Women focus a lot of their energy and time in maintaining and building relationships with the people around them. Reciprocity is one of the components of building a relationship, â€Å"reciprocity also leads to predictability and stability in relationships, which can keep both relationships and negotiations from breaking down† (Kouzes Posner, p. 157). Reciprocity is described as having the willingness to be cooperative and an unwillingness to be taken advantage of. To foster collaboration encompasses what women leaders are. The sharing of information and resources is, again, like second nature to women. This is through their socialization. That is not to say that all women possess these characteristics, but it is based on the majority through studies and extensive research. Building trusting relationships is the embodiment of the female psyche. Without trust in the people around them, their effectiveness as a leader, employee, wife, mother or friend is non-existent. Women strive for trust in the people they connect with on daily basis and they strive to be trusted. â€Å"Trust is at the heart of fostering collaboration. It’s the central issue in human relationships within and outside the organization† (Kouzes Posner, p. 163). It is a universal fact that women are exemplary listeners. It is the key in understanding the people you work with. To understand what is important to them is crucial to a successful business relationship. To know what an employee needs to feel fulfilled and to work to capacity, superior listening and communication skill are necessary. Celebrating accomplishments are also a fundamental practice in leadership. As mentioned previously, women are more likely to celebrate accomplishments and provide immediate praise to successful subordinates, unlike their male counterparts. Women are drawn to creating social support networks. Once again, women’s socialization comes to the forefront. Females are taught by example that to be happy and fulfilled you need your own little â€Å"support network† made up of friends and family. When women have problems or need advice they immediately call upon their network for assistance. Unlike men, who by nature, tend to withdraw and put the decision making process solely on their own shoulders. ConclusionAlthough women do possess many of the characteristics of effective leaders, they are not prone to lead by example (Comer, et.al., 1997). Due to the clash in the scheduling of work and their personal lives, women are torn between being a driven leader and being an effective leader in the home. But, again, gender is not always the determining factor in leadership capabilities. There are exceptions to each of the rules outlined within this paper. It is important to take note that there are male leaders that possess each of these qualities and are superior leaders. Alternatively, there are men and women who possess little or few of these characteristics and have still risen to the top of their ranks in terms of leadership style and capability.

Causes of the Revolutionary War Essays

Causes of the Revolutionary War Essays Causes of the Revolutionary War Essay Causes of the Revolutionary War Essay In 1763, the French and Indian War ended by the final defeat of the French and their Native American allies in America. When the Americans thought the British were leaving, they did the exact opposite. The British brought in more soldiers and these same American colonists found themselves locked with the British more violent than ever. Britain sent more troops to receive money for their war depts. This was shocking news for the America’s English colonists because there was still the policy of salutary neglect existing. Due to this violent control, Americans felt unfair and as if they had no choice to follow what the British say. To stand up as one voice towards Britain, the American colonists justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain. Therefore, the American colonists were reasonable in doing this. When the British put new taxes on stamps and pamphlets, they viewed it as a way of American colonists contributing to war depts. and in return for all they did for them in the French and Indian War. According to Document 1, Thomas Whately, an advisor to the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Grenville, believed that the Americans should contribute to the government in preserving and maintaining all the advantages they’ve received. They thought the colonists should be willing to pay higher taxes without a doubt but in the eyes of the American colonists, the new taxes that the British created were viewed to be for the purpose of increasing the revenue. In Document 2 Dickinson writes, â€Å"Never did the British Parliament, [until the passage of the Stamp Act] think of imposing duties in America for the purpose of raising a revenue. † In addition, the fact that Britain didn’t even bother to ask about their opinions before putting these new taxes, made the colonists feel as if they were threatened with no rights. This is when the American colonists decide to justify in waging war and break away from Britain. As time went on, colonists became more upset and violent. One of the reasons why colonists became more violent was because many colonies were persuaded â€Å"that the government is going to make absolute slaves of them. †(Document 4) One tragic event that occurred due to the colonists becoming violent was the Boston Massacre. â€Å"A crowd of Boston boys and men surrounded a number of British soldiers and began taunting and cursing them while pelting them with snowballs. †(Document 3) This led the frightened soldiers to fire their guns into the crowd as self-defense. In the end several people were dead and many more wounded. The Boston Massacre caused many more colonists’ anti-British feelings to arouse. According to these documents, we can see that the American colonists were justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain. This was to prove their point and more importantly, to stand up as one voice. They believed that the British were putting taxes just to increase revenue and believed that they had the single purpose of collecting money. This is a reasonable belief because there was no explanation given to them and they had no say in the matter whatsoever. This is why the colonists acted the way they did.

Funny St. Patricks Day Sayings and Quotes

Funny St. Patricks Day Sayings and Quotes The Irish are famous for two things. One, they can drink like a fish and keep the spirit flowing. Two, they know how to take a joke. The Irish also love to joke, especially about themselves. They dont care about political correctness and other such mumbo-jumbo. For them, a below-the-belt barb is an expression of endearment. The Irish are also noted for their tremendous sense of humor. Their quick-wittedness is evident in these Irish sayings and quotes. Some famous witty Irishmen like Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Conan OBrien and F. Scott Fitzgerald have achieved global fame for their extraordinary wit and wisdom. Their words reveal their brilliant imagination. Embrace Irish humor on St. Patricks Day. The Irish love their culture, history, and traditions. They love cracking jokes and drinking beer (like Guinness) and Irish whiskey (like Jamesons or Bushmills).  However, if you dont have an appetite for insults, watch out for their sharp tongue the Irish spare no one in their quick comebacks. If you are celebrating St. Patricks Day, arm yourself with witticisms to level the playing field. Quotes About The Irish Sidney LittlewoodThe Irish dont know what they want and are prepared to fight to the death to get it. Oliver HerfordThe Irish gave the bagpipes to the Scots as a joke, but the Scots havent seen the joke yet. Winston ChurchillWe have always found the Irish a bit odd. They refuse to be English. John Pentland MahaffyIn Ireland, the inevitable never happens and the unexpected constantly occurs. Irish BlessingMay God bless and keep in good health your enemies enemies. Brendan BehanIf it was raining soup, the Irish would go out with forks. Ann KennedyThe one thing us Irish have is the ability to laugh at ourselves. God bless us all. Stephen ColbertThe shamrock is a religious symbol. St. Patrick said the leaves represented the trinity: the Father, the son and the holy spirit. Thats why four-leaf clovers are so lucky; you get a bonus Jesus. Ralph Wiggum, The SimpsonsAnd thats where I saw the leprechaun. He told me to burn things! Margot Leitman, Lewis Blacks Root of All EvilSt. Patricks Day is a holy day for Roman Catholics in Ireland to pray and a day for drunk people to vomit with their pants down in New Jersey. Jon StewartMaking it [St. Patricks Day] a great day for the Irish, but just an OK day if youre looking for a quiet tavern to talk, read or have a white wine spritzer. Jimmy FallonAnd on me final night, I got as lucky as a clover, I met a purdy lassie, drunk enough to come on over. Steven, BraveheartIn order to find his equal, an Irishman is forced to converse with the Almighty. Laura KightlingerIts a big deal about whether or not gays can march in the St. Patricks Day parade, and I have to say that on some level I kind of see their point. Because when you think about it, it is a real macho heterosexual event. Bunch of guys in short skirts on a cart made of rose pedals sharing a bagpipe. Thats not for sissies. Jay LenoThis is St. Patricks Day in Los Angeles, Luck O The Irish Recipes. Delicious Irish guacamole. Corned beef and guacamole. Irish SayingIf youre enough lucky to be Irish, youre lucky enough! Ellen DeGeneresThe legend goes that St. Patrick drove the snakes out of Ireland. I was thinking ... that must be hard to put all the tiny seatbelts on all the snakes. Conan OBrienSt.Patricks Day is named for St. Patrick, the first guy to feed Guinness to a snake. Lewis BlackWhos this Patrick anyway? The patron saint of liquor distributors? Heres the real truth, he didnt get rid of snakes in Ireland. He just got rid of the ones he was seeing. Sean MoreyI come from an Irish family. St. Patricks Day was our big holiday. The night before wed hang up our stockings and in the morning theyd be full of beer.

Staff Motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Staff Motivation - Assignment Example For higher incomers, such as managers, job promotion and recognition are more important than money. In the contrast, low incomers are motivated be financial factors such as salary and bonus. Hertzberg (1968) two factors theory determines the motivation factors and hygiene factors do not motivate but create dissatisfaction if they are not present. In certain period of time, employees feel financially secured and better off financially; hygiene factor can be an effective motivator. Money loses its attractive as if motivational factors among managers. Managers may be not motivated by money, but by job promotion through achievement. They can be considered to be at the highest level of "motivational need". What's more, according to Hertzberg, working conditions is a hygiene factor, offering people unique incentives and morale boosters that contribute to a changing, exciting, and motivation work environment. Excellent work conditions would give them more job satisfaction and motivation. McClelland (1987) identified three major needs, which are achievement, power and affiliation. The findings from this study show that money is the most important motivator for workers at Jury's Inn, especially for low-income workers. Furthermore, the findings indicate that job promotion and recognition are important factors to motivate workers at Jury's Inn because job promotion and recognition are related tight to financial rewards. In addition, salaries and benefits, interpersonal relationships and offering incentives and morale boosters have been found as the main effective motivators. In order to support the aim, this working paper provided literature review, which including motivation theories, the critically analysis of motivation and reward system on workplace culture and work value. Moreover, for the sake of investigating the effective motivation; the relevant research methodology has been used. Studies of some of the best United States and Australian hotels (Gray, 1992) also suggest that the cement which binds skilled and motivated employees to their organization, who are thus more enthusiastic, more committed and potentially more productive than their competitors' employees, is clear and ongoing communication between hotel managers and their employees. The management of the Jury's Inn should also take the advantage of the communication process in order achieve the higher level of performance from the employees. A modern and a more permanent approach to motivation are through job enrichment (Wright, 2004). This involves putting meaning into jobs. In other words, it is putting Herzberg's two-factor theory into effect by building motivators into the job. These motivators include achievement, growth, responsibility, advancement and recognition. This approach can also work for Jury's Inn staff. According to the approach the hotel should plan to change the job contents of the employees in order to motivate them as explained by Ross (1998) in his article A practical theory of motivation applied to hotels. A number of research studies (Rothbard, 2001; Niehoff , Moorman, Blakely & Fuller, 2001; Bloom, Yorges & Ruhl, 2000) have indicated that the job content is an important factor in motivating people. So the content of a routine or repetitive task must be restructured to provide motivation to the performer of that job.

Soil Mechanics (Geotechnics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soil Mechanics (Geotechnics - Essay Example Soil is composed of particles such as silt, clay, gravel and sand and they can also contain other gases that exist in between these particles. The study of soil is very important because this is what makes the study of geotechnical engineering possible. This is a subtopic in civil engineering and it is a very complex topic. Soil mechanics is applicable in many ways as far as building and construction is concerned and some of the best examples are such as building foundations of bridges, dams and sustaining systems of buried pipelines. This is very important because it ensures that buildings do not fall apart easily in the modern world and this contributes a lot to the development of different cities world wide. The study of soils is also very important because it contributes a lot to good agricultural products. Many areas of engineering depend on soil mechanics and some of these areas are such as coastal engineering, geophysical engineering and hydrology among other areas. One of the best ways of approaching the topic on geotechnics and drainage is through understanding the composition and genesis of soils. This is one of the best examples of a diagram that clearly defines the formation of soils as far as volumes of water, air and solid is concerned. The V?, V?, and Vs represent the amount of solids, air and water present in a specific mixture of soil. W?, W?, and Ws in the diagram above stand for the weights of solids, air and water within a soil mixture and M?, M?, and Ms stand for the masses of water, solids and air found in a mixture of soil. The formulae for calculating the weights of all the named particles present is Mass multiplied by the acceleration of gravity which is; Ws=Mg. Types of Triaxial Tests There are several types of triaxial tests but the most common ones are; Consolidated Drained also known a CD, Consolidated Undrained tests which is also referred to as UD and Unconsolidated Undrained. In the consolidated drained or CD, the test is done th rough consolidating and shearing while compressing it with the drainage. In the second type of test, the sample is not drained and in the third type of test, the sample is constantly compressed. This is an example of soil horizons from www.wikipedia.com . A; can be referred to as the colluviums or top soil, B; is the Residual soil that is mature and C; is weathered rock. In most cases, soil deposits become affected by how they are transported to the specific location where they can be found. Understanding the formation and deposition of soils makes it quite easier and understandable especially when it comes to dealing with geotechnics calculations. Clay is composed of several minerals that form structures that look like a sheet which have a length range of 10 x 10 ?7 and 4 x 10?5 and its thickness ranges from 9 x 10?9 and 2x 10?6 and their surface area is large. Through understanding the formation of soils, one can easily understand how different stresses and shears are formed in di fferent phases on a normal circumstance and all this is part of the study of geotechnics (Chen 2010). Stress strain curve diagram. Looking at the curve above, one can easily predict the stability of the soil by measuring the shear strain against its shear strength Cell pressure kN/m2 Deviator stress kN/m2 kN/m2 2 (a). Normal and Over- Consolidated Stratum Normally consolidated stratum is one which is very dense and packed tightly as one goes deep the strata. An over-consolidated clay stratum is one which occurs when water is squeezed out of the ground with

Discrimination Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Worksheet Essay †¢ What is discrimination? How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Discrimination is unfair treatment to different categories of people based on many things including race, religion, culture, orientation, and so on. Prejudice is, in my terms, judging someone without actually knowing anything about them. Stereotyping is very similar to prejudice but it is widely known groups that people are placed in like jock or nerd. Discrimination is different because you are acting on the hatred you have for people instead of just thinking about it. For example, it is the difference between thinking about killing someone and actually doing it. Discrimination is probably the most hurtful because you are being open about it to someone instead of thinking it to yourself. †¢ What are the causes of discrimination? Many things can cause discrimination. The main thing, I would say, is it is a learned behavior. This means these people who discriminate were probably raised to feel this way towards a certain group of people. What you learn growing up can stay with you for the rest of your life. Here you are a defenseless child who knows nothing but are told to hate a certain group of people, you are going to listen because you were raised to. Then, when you’re older, you will automatically discriminate against this group because you were told to. There is discrimination against people of other races because they have a different skin color which makes them â€Å"different.† There is discrimination against gay people because we don’t understand why they â€Å"choose† to be that way. These are just a couple examples of what causes discrimination. †¢ How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? I think discrimination is faced by all groups the same in one way, they are all getting treated unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, religion, etc. I don’t think there is a single person in life, even a white male, who has not experienced some form of discrimination in their lifetime. However, other than that one fact, I think everyone faces discrimination differently. People of different races deal with being called a lot of names. Also, people with different religions get made fun of for what they believe. Women receive a lot of negativity when they try to move up in a company because â€Å"the man† is supposed to. Gay men and women are frequently told they are going to Hell and God doesn’t approve. The funny this is, most gay people I know believe in God and go to church regularly! Discrimination is faced by many different groups in very different ways.

Social Construction Of Race Essay -- Race Racism Ethnicity Essays

Social Construction Of Race In society, race clearly affects one’s life chances. These are the chances of getting opportunities and gaining experience for progression. The social construction of race is based on privileges and availability of resources. Looking at society and the formation of race in a historical context, whites have always held some sort of delusional belief of a â€Å"white-skin privilege.† This advantage grants whites an advantage in society whether one desires it or not. This notion is often commonly referred to as reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order for one to understand how racism has come to be what we know it as today, we must first examine the Constitution of the United States. This document clearly states, â€Å"We the People of the United States.† The question proposed from this statement is, who exactly are â€Å"the People?† The constitution deemed that only free people were considered whole, and ultimately they were the ones the Constitution reflected most positively upon. The rest of the population was considered to be three fifths of a human being. That could be and in fact was interpreted by saying non-free people were only three fifths as important as a property owning white males. In addition to the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence also posed many questions of racism. The Declaration of Independence was written to sever ties in which people were denied their unalienable rights. However, the Constitution was still denying several people of their...

The Cove Analysis

The Cove: Analysis of Rhetorical and Cinematic Strategies The general reason for a documentary is to put forth factual information while attempting to convince the viewing audience of a specific point of view. The film crew behind ‘The Cove’ does this in a way that is informative and accurate, while presenting the information in a manner that allows the viewer to draw their own opinions. ‘The Cove’ follows famous Dolphin Trainer-turned-activist Ric O’Barrey into the dangerous land of Taiji, Japan, where dolphin genocide is occurring.The ‘dolphin trade’ that is taking place kills thousands of dolphins every year. While those behind the dolphin-capture and trade suggest that it is a Japanese tradition to murder dolphins for food and other goods, most of the civilians of Japan are completely oblivious to these affairs. Though many are against it, the phenomenon that is dolphin-capturing has not been stopped. This film makes a point to teach the audience about the events in the cove of Taiji, raise awareness of the inhumane dolphin-slaughter, and gain support and funding to stop the dolphin decimation.In order to persuade viewers to want to fight for the lives of these cetaceans, the film makers and producers use a series of rhetorical strategies, cinematic techniques, and recurring motifs to draw the audience in and capture their hearts with a pitiful and sympathetic understanding. â€Å"The Cove† has caused me to lament with the dolphins living in the cove of Taiji, compelling me to actively attempt to end dolphin-massacre, which is exactly what this successful documentary set out to accomplish.In order to convince the viewers of their point, director Louie Psihoyos and activist Ric O’Barrey use a combination of the rhetorical strategies logos, ethos, and pathos. The most prominent strategy applied in this film was the use of pathos. Pathos is defined as ‘an element in experience or in artistic rep resentation evoking pity or compassion. ’ (Mirriam-Webster) This strategy was first made prevalent as we watched dolphins being held in captivity. Even when they weren’t in their natural habitat, the dolphins were smiling, making an immediate connection with the viewer.Another moment when pathos is instated occurs when Ric emotionally recounts the personal story of the well-known and loved Flipper committing suicide in his arms. Not only does this invoke a sense of emotion in the viewer but it automatically puts us on Ric’s side, as he fights against anyone trying to harm them. The most conspicuous use of pathos is when we actually witness film of the dolphins being treated terribly and coldheartedly murdered by the Japanese dolphin traders.The image of innocent sea creatures being killed, grabbed, and run over by boats instantly lurches the viewing audience into distress, which is the reaction set out to attain by the film makers. The second rhetorical strategy used in this film is logos, or the appeal based on logic or reason (RPI. edu). The film makers present us with this method throughout the movie when statistics about the dolphins are projected on a black screen. This gives viewers straight information that seems unbiased and factual, in a sense that no images or scenes interact with the information given.Logos is also used when Ric is explaining to the viewer that dolphin’s have high levels of mercury. He makes the connection that if the Japanese people knew how high the mercury levels were, they would stop eating them. Also, many people are scammed into eating dolphin while assuming a purchase of another animal. So, the fact that many Japanese citizens have high mercury levels, and in many cases, mercury poisoning, means that dolphins should stop being consumed as a food source. This makes sense based on logic and reason.The last rhetorical strategy used in this film is ethos, or the ‘appeal based on the character of the speaker. An ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of the author. ’ This is obvious throughout the film, as Ric and Louis gain our confidence and trust as valid sources. They are able to attain our certainty by supplying us personal accounts of their scientific background. Also, we find out that Ric O’Barry is one of the most famous dolphin trainers in the world. His connection to the well-known television show, Flipper, puts him in an honest and authentic position in the viewers eye.This film used not only rhetorical strategies to convince the audience of a specific viewpoint, but also well-known cinematic techniques. Because the style of this film is a documentary, the actuality of this film automatically makes it more believable, plausible and realistic. If this was a film only based on true events and used actors or scripted stories, it would be harder to side against the dolphin traders, and seen more as a sad, entertainment type movie. Throughout the movie, the voice of the director or the activists is playing while the clips are being shown.This not only allows them to speak directly with the viewer, but lets beliefs and annotations flow freely. The exposition of a film is ‘background information, regarding setting, characters, and plots. ’ It is important in ‘The Cove’ because an introduction to the matter at hand is necessary, and it also presents the initial position and stance regarding the issue. In the film, montage clips are often used showing dolphins in distress and captivity. These clips are often juxtaposed to scenes of wild and free dolphins, roaming the ocean and jumping through waves.This creates a sense of drama, and gives us something to compare and contrast. It sets up a ‘good and bad’ or ‘right and wrong’ which is important when proving a point. A very common technique used in this film, as in most documentaries, is the interview. Well-qualified scholars and activists, divers, and volunteers were chosen carefully. Interviews can be very helpful when trying to get point across because specific questions can be asked to get certain answers. The setting of an interview is also taken into account. For example, in Ric O’Barry’s interview, we see that there is a dolphin painting in the background.We also can see that he is in a home-like setting. This is easily relatable and makes us think that his life revolves around the small cetaceans. Also, the fact that those being interviewed are all in accordance shows that the view and opinion is shared by many, and is therefore a valid belief. Some of the most persuasive information comes from the repeated structures throughout the movie. Camera angles, lighting, and background sound effects all are chosen carefully and attempt to convince the viewer of a specific attitude. For example, we quickly note that the Japanese dolphin traders are the antagonists of this film.Every shot we see of the man named ‘personal space’ is from a personal camera and tends to be very close-up. The obvious protagonists are the main ‘characters’ because we are able to sympathize with them. A dolphin is shown drowning after taking its last breath. Once this scene is over, the camera turns to the two divers, and shows that their faces are filled with sorrow. Concurrently, we see the men laughing as dolphin is drowning right in front of them. These scenes were not chosen at random, but rather were selected to further intensify the cruelty of the traders and capitalize on the glory that we see in our narrators.Lighting has a large part in the mood of a film. Whenever the editor’s want us to view something as ‘bad’, shots that are dark, dramatic, or in night vision are shown. This contrasts the bright colors and lights that accompany our dolphin heros in scenes and interviews. The music and sound effects also affect the manner of a film. For i nstance, whenever we were meant to feel happy, aquarium music would play, as opposed to the deep and dark lighthouse bells ringing when the dolphin cove was on screen. I believe that the most effective technique used in this film was the feeling of suspense.Many of the images were captured through ‘hidden camera. ’ This provides a sense of reality and lets us know for a fact that what we are seeing is raw film. Also, the sense of secrecy reveals how urgent this situation is. Although this, in my opinion, was the most persuasive, the combination of every strategy was necessary to the documentary’s success. This film was able to use cinematic and filmography techniques along with a strong sense of rhetoric to generally convince the viewers of the makers’ beliefs and point of view on the topic at hand.

Fear of Failure in Athletes

Fear of failure is the motive to avoid failure in achievement situations. It is not difficult to imagine a Division I college basketball athlete at the foul line, with no time left on the clock and a tied score. Is it the fear of failure or the achievement of success that determines whether the athlete will make the shot? Athletes of all levels and abilities fear failure, because of different experiences and developments. The fear of failure can be developed for a number of reasons and how the athlete copes with failure determines their success.A multidimensional, hierarchal model of fear of failure was created by David Conroy to attempt to analyze the different consequences of failing that lead to the fear of failure. Fear of failure can be represented in a hierarchal structure with five lower order factors and a single higher order factor, representing a general fear of failure. The five lower order fears of failing include fears of experiencing shame and embarrassment, fears of de valuing one’s self estimate, fears of having an uncertain future, fears of important others losing interest, and fears of upsetting important others (Conroy 2004).These fears show similar patterns with measures of self-talk, achievement goals, and contextual motivation. To investigate whether the hierarchal model was similar to the previous mentioned measures Conroy conducted a study between two different groups of athletes. Conroy chose 438 students from a large university that were engaged in recreational physical activities to complete the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. He also chose 71 female members of a Division I track team to complete the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport, and the Sport Motivation Scale.Conroy found that all lower order fear of failure scores exhibited the same pattern of correlations with scores for self-talk while failing, achievement goals, and contextual motivation. Conroy learned that when the individuals thought they were going to fail, they reacted in a manner that resembled the original consequences they fear. The findings of this study suggest that different forms of fear of failure vary in their maladaptiveness. Fears are generally accepted as a standard during childhood and are considered an adaptive emotional reaction to threat.Therefore, it is acceptable to assume that fear of failure is developed during an athletes childhood. Three factors have been associated with the development of children’s fear of failure, parent-child communication and interaction, family climate, and parental high expectations and demands (Sagar 2009). To learn whether young athletes’ fear of failure comes from their parents Sagar conducted interviews on three families of young elite athletes. The athletes were 13 to 14 years old and competing at national or international levels.The interviews and observations were conducted with one family at a time during a three to fo ur week period. The results helped to better understand how the fear of failure was conveyed between parents and athletes. Sagar’s findings revealed failure was conveyed through parental punitive behavior, parental controlling behavior, and parental high expectations. The most common fears of failure reported were fears of others’ negative judgment, of not attaining aspirations, and of non-selection to future competitions.Sagar proved that parental view of failure influences the way young athletes view and interpret fear of failure. Sagar decided to further her research and initiate a study that would explain whether educational programs could help the parent-child relationships, thereby, helping to reduce the athletes’ fear of failure. Sagar comprised two separate programs that taught parents about the fear of failure and their importance in the development of their child’s fear of failure.A questionnaire administered after the program showed that the pa rents reduced their punitive behaviors and adopted more favorable ways of reacting to their child’s failures. The programs helped the parents to improve the condition of their interaction with their children and reduce the children’s levels of fear of failure. The cognitive-behavioral techniques used were proved helpful and could be implemented to other athletes to help reduce the children’s levels of fear of failure. One of the ongoing debates within the research is whether athletes fear failure or the consequences of failure.It is obvious that athletes interpret winning as a standard for success and losing as a standard for failing, but failure can be interpreted by the athlete’s perception of failure. Sagar conducted a study to distinguish what specifically athletes fear about failure. She interviewed nine British elite athletes aged 14-17 years old. Sagar asked questions concerning the athletes’ perceptions of consequences of failure. Examples of questions included, â€Å"tell me how you behaved after that failure† and â€Å"describe how you felt after that failure. The athletes described the consequences of failure as diminished perception of self, no sense of achievement, emotional cost of failure, letting down significant others, negative social evaluation, lose motivation and drop out, tangible losses, have an uncertain future, having reoccurring thoughts of failure, and intangible losses (Sagar 2007). The consequences that were perceived by all nine athletes were diminished perception of self, no sense of achievement, and emotional cost of failure. The athletes described consequences of failure that they disliked and wanted to avoid and deemed them as threats that they anticipated and feared.Multiple athletes reported a loss of motivation after failure, which in turn means failure could prevent athletes from reaching their potential. Furthermore, it is logical to assume that fear of failure can potentially by harmful to athletes’ performances, as fear of failure itself might be a threat to achieving their desired goal. Effective coping responses to fear of failure are exceptionally important in athletes. Athletes who do not posses effective coping skills to deal with situations that involve failure and are likely to experience negative effects such as, poor performance or the possibility of dropping out of the sport (Sagar 2009).Sagar created an experiment to examine the effects of fear of failure on athletes and how the athletes coped with the effects that fear of failure induced before competition. Sagar interviewed nine British athletes aged 14-17 years old that were competing at the national level and had experience competing at the international level. The interview allowed each athlete to individually relate to his or her own experiences in a free and open manner. The athletes were asked questions aimed to determine their perceptions of failure in sport, how their fears aff ected them, and how they coped with their fears.All of the athletes perceived failure as outcome oriented, such as losing, not winning, or getting beaten. The athletes described their coping strategies as mental disengagement, try not to let fear of failure affect them, become quiet and seek isolation, not talking about fear of failure, humor, chilling out, positive self-talk, positive reinterpretation, lowering goals, seeking emotional social support, increasing effort to prevent failure, and confronting their fears. All of the athletes that were interviewed identified with mental disengagement.Although, not all of the strategies identified are effective responses to the fear of failure. For example, increasing effort to prevent failure included increased training by athletes. Increased training can lead to overtraining, a possible source of burnout, which could accidentally lead to athletes’ withdrawal of the sport. Despite the fact that some of the athletes viewed increase d training as a positive outcome of fear of failure, increased training may not be an effective response to fear of failure. Therefore, athletes engaged in both effective and ineffective coping strategies to deal with the effects of failure before competition.Individuals high in fear of failure utilize self-regulatory strategies that can be harmful to their athletic performance, well being, and interpersonal behavior (Sagar 2009). Therefore, Sagar created a study to investigate whether fear of failure predicts antisocial behavior in the university and sport contexts, and whether sex compromises this prediction. Sagar interviewed 176 male students and 155 female students from 2 British universities, with an average age of 20. 11 years. The athletes had been competing for their schools for an average of 1. 80 years.Sagar used three different analyses to measure fear of failure antisocial behavior in sport, and antisocial behavior in university. The study showed, on average, antisocial university behavior occurred rarely for males and never to rarely for females, whereas antisocial behavior in sport occurred rarely to sometimes for males and rarely for females. The strongest fear reported for both sexes was experiencing shame and embarrassment. The weakest fear reported by males was the fear of devaluing one’s self estimate and for females the weakest fear reported was important others losing interest.Further analysis of fear of failure revealed that several significant differences occurred between male and females, but there was not a significant difference between sexes involving antisocial behavior. The study shows that fear of failure may contribute to more frequent student engagement in antisocial behavior in the university and sport contexts. The fact that males are more competitive and have a greater desire to win could explain the sex differences within the fear of failure. Thus, this study suggests that fear of failure might increase the frequency of antisocial behavior.The tendency to approach success is a function of the person’s motive to approach success as well as the situational factors (Gill 2008). Most athletes that participate in sports do so, because they want to achieve something. Although, to be able to achieve something, you must get past a fear of failure. Researching aspects of motivations regarding orientations and achievement can further understand how an athlete deals with fear of failure. In general, someone that is task oriented, rather than outcome oriented will have less fears of failure (Weinberg & Gould 2007).Focusing on personal performance can lead to greater control, more motivation, and less fear of failure. A task-oriented person has high perceptions of their own competence, so it is easier for them to feel good about themselves and not worry about failure. Those who are outcome oriented have lower perceptions of their competence. Therefore, they are more likely to give less effort to prot ect their self worth. Martin and Marsh (2003) concluded that fear of failure may be viewed as a friend or a foe, â€Å"a friend of sorts, but not a very good one†¦ [or as] a foe, but with some self-protective advantages. Research surrounding all aspects is still not extensive enough to draw strong conclusions about how fear or failure develops or how to treat fear of failure. Although, ignoring fear of failure and the problems associated with fear of failure could have negative consequences for individuals in achievement settings. Researchers should be encouraged to continue studying the coping behaviors of athletes in various age groups and investigate how people who play important roles in the lives and in the development of young elite athletes contribute to their development of fear of failure.Further research will inform prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and possibly the treatment of fear of failure in sports. References Conroy, D. E. , (2004). The unique psychological m eanings of multidimensional fears of failing. Journal of Clinical Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 484-491. Gill, D. , & Williams, L. , (2008). Motivational Orientations: Achievement and Competitiveness. Martin, A. J. , Marsh, H. W. (2003). Fear of failure: Friend of foe?. Australian Psychologist, 38, 31-38. Sagar, S. S. , Boardley, I. D. , Kavussanu, M. (2011). Fear of failure and student athletes’ interpersonal antisocial behavior in education and sport.British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 391-408. Sagar, S. S. , (2009). Fear of failure in youth sport: Building on the momentum of the new research. Sport & Exercise Psychological Review, 5, 5-15. Sagar, S. S. , Lavallee, D. , Spray, C. M. (2009). Coping with the effects of fear of failure: A preliminary investigation of young elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 3 73-98. Sagar, S. S. , Lavallee, D. , Spray, C. M. (2007). Why young athletes fear failure: Consequences of failure. Journal of Sports Sc iences, 25, 1171-1184. Weinberg, R. , Gould, D. , (2007). Motivation.

Chapter 2 The Employment Law Toolkit Essays - Labour Law

Chapter 2 The Employment Law Toolkit Essays - Labour Law Chapter 2 The Employment Law Toolkit: Resources for Understanding the Law and Recurring Legal Concepts Notes: Guide to Reading Cases (43): -Stare Decisis and Precedent: oOnce a judge renders a decision in a case it is followed in that jurisdiction the case thus becomes precedent for future cases involving that issue oFederal Courts consist of trial courts (US District Court for a particular district), courts of speak (US Circuit Court), and the US Supreme Court Supreme Court decisions apply to all jurisdictions District they can look to other jurisdictions if no precedent has been set they are not bound to follow it oStates have court systems parallel to the federal court system trial court, intermediate court of appeals, and a state supreme court Once the case is decided by the state supreme court, it can be heard by the US Supreme Court if there is a basis for appealing it to that court oFederal side, once a case is heard by the US Supreme Court, here is no other court to which it can be appealed If they dont keep with the laws intended purpose, Congress can pass a law that reflects that determination -Understanding the Case Information: oPlantiff (one suing): one who brings a civil action in court (district level) oDefendant (one being sued): one against who the case is brought (district level) oCourt of appeals or Supreme Court level, the first name reflects who appealed Appellant: one who brings an appeal Appellee: one against whom an appeal is brought oSupreme Court Level Petitioner: One who appeals a case to the Supreme Court Respondent: one against whom a case is appealed at the Supreme Court oUnder the case name is a case citation, full case can be located in a law reporter with it Federal Reporters contain the cases of the US Circuit Courts of Appeal from across the country Federal Supplement Reporters, contains US district court cases oJudge or justice judge oversees the lower courts, higher courts is justices CJ stands for chief justice oLegal terms legalese oIf the case is a trial decision by the district court based on the merits of the claim, the court will provide relief either for the plaintiff or the defendant oMotion to Dismiss: request by a defendant for the court to dismiss the plaintiffs case Court will decide that issue and say either that the motion to dismiss is granted or that it is denied (can be appealed to the next court) oMotion for Summary Judgment: defenders request for the court to rule on the plaintiffs case based on the documents submitted, alleging there are no triable issues of fact to be decided If dismissed, the court has determined that there is a need for the case to proceed to trial (can be appealed) oAppellate court the appeal must be based on errors of law oRemand is an order by the court of appeals to the lower court telling it to take the case back oPer curiam brief decision by the court, and is not issued by a particular judge -Prima Facie Case oCase of Action: right provided by law for a party to sue for remedies when certain legal rights is violated oPrima Facie Case: the evidence that fits each requirement of a case of action Claimant established a prima facie case, then the claim may advance Employment-At-Will Concepts (47): -Wrongful Discharge and the Employment-at-Will Doctrine oAt-Will Employment: an employment relationship where there is no contractual obligation to remain in the relationships; either party may terminate the relationship at any time, for any reason, as long as the reason is not prohibited by law, such as discriminatory purposes Excluded: government employees, employees under a collectable bargaining agreement, or employees who have an individual contract with their employer oEmployer is only prohibited from terminating employees based on what the law dictates Any terminated at-will employee may bring suit against the employer, seeking reinstatement or compensatory and punitive damages for the losses suffered on the basis of unjust dismissal or wrongful termination oState by state approach to addressing the exceptions to the at-will doctrine Default rule in 40 out of 50 states, with Montana holding out -Exceptions to the At-Will Doctrine oViolation of some recognized public policy, were the employer breaches an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, or where an implied contract or implied promise to the employee was breached (promissory estoppel) 65% of the workforce is covered by the at-will doctrine Ohio: Implied Contract (yes), Public Policy (yes),

11 Habits of Successful People

11 Habits of Successful People Ever wonder what all those rich and powerful people have in common? Ever wonder how they got where they were? Or whether you have what it takes to end up among them? Or maybe you have a bad idea of what it means to be powerful and worry that you’re too nice a person for the job. Well, rest assured. Nice guys can finish first. Here are 11 habits of successful people. Start cultivating them now, and see how far you can go.1. Don’t wait to be promoted to be a leaderLeadership is not about the title on your business card. So don’t wait to get that title before you start actually leading. Power and authority are not the same thing. Try leading without being a boss.2. Be graciously disruptiveDon’t just accept the status quo because no one else seems to be questioning it. Don’t be afraid to ask the question that comes to you. Ask â€Å"what if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"why not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Think outside the box and gently express your best ideas, and you could think your way to real innovation and improvement. Plus, you’ll impress your colleagues in the process.3. Think for yourselfForm your own opinions based on fact and what you know, rather than what you think- or have been accustomed to thinking. Always keep an open mind and be willing to change your mind when you have good reason to. Do this, and you can trust the little voice inside your head when it really matters.4. Focus on the big stuffDon’t get distracted by the small and trivial stuff. Cut through the noise and focus on what matters most, and what is most important. Speak up when you have something truly meaningful to say. Do the big thing first and best. You’ll build a reputation for insight and trustworthiness, at the least.5. Master conflictConflict happens. The only thing we can change or anticipate is our reaction to it when it does. Rather than shirking away from conflict, or seeking it out, try the middle path. When it hits, react to it withou t emotional entanglement. Face the situation directly and humbly, without being defensive or hysterical. You’ll find conflict can actually be incredibly productive, when you face it this maturely.6. Cause conversationThis is a hard one to practice, but if you have the talent for making people listen (and saying things worth listening to), then you can be the kind of influencer who opens her mouth and inspires.7. Know thyselfTrue power means not being blind to your own weaknesses. Position yourself to wield your strengths in the best possible way, and that means also owning your weaknesses and finding out how to grow from them.8. NetworkDon’t be the mercenary networker who drops contacts like a hot potato when they prove no longer useful. True power comes from building a solid and strong community. Develop and grow your network. Keep up contact with your connections’ connections. Treat everyone with respect and dignity and then you can all help each other work to gether to succeed.9. Ask for helpAsking for help is almost never a sign of weakness- quite the contrary. True leaders know when to delegate, when to ask for expert advice, when to take a step back for better perspective. Ironically, you’ll prove your lack of insecurity by putting the project ahead of your own ego.10. Believe in yourselfThis doesn’t mean neglecting to do all the hard work, but it does mean believing in your own power to achieve your dreams. Keep yourself driven and inspired and you’ll stand a good chance of actually meeting your biggest goals.11. Do it todayIf you have the mind set, the training, the inspiration, and the passion, why wait? The perfect opportunity to show off your leadership skills and start growing your power may never be handed to you on a silver platter. Start now. Strengthen your power muscles any chance you get, and actively seek out the opportunities to show them off.

Angelica Kauffmann PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Angelica Kauffmann - PowerPoint Presentation Example According to Sortais (1910): Angelica showed a great aptitude for music and singing, and some of her fathers friends strongly urged her to give up painting, but in vain. This episode in her life she has represented in a picture, showing herself, between Painting and Music, bidding farewell to Music. There was no question it was in painting that she showed much progress. And before she even completed her twelfth year, she had become a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. The bishop of Milan summoned her to paint his portrait. Due to her immense talent and personal charms, Francis the III of Este, Duke of Modena and Governor of Milan, declared himself her protector. Also, Cardinal Roth invited her to Constance and commissioned her to paint his portrait (Sortais 1910). Kauffman lost her father in 1782; and in 1795, her husband. These blows to her personal life did not deter her to continue with her passion in painting and continued at intervals to contribute to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, the academy’s purpose of which is to professionalize the artists working for the French court and give them a stamp of approval, her last exhibit being in 1797. She has produced a few of her works after this time. On a fateful day, November 5, 1807, she died in Rome. She was honored by a wonderful funeral under the direction of Canova, an Italian sculptor who became famous for his marble sculptures. Numerous prominent personalities were in attendance during her funeral procession, following her to her tomb, including the entire Academy of St. Luke, several ecclesiastics and virtuosi, with two of her pictures carried in procession. Kauffman was an advocate of neo-classicism in her works. What neo-classicism depends on most fundamentally is a consensus about a body of work that has achieved canonic status, or that which asserts a compendium of the greatest works of artistic merit

Iran's nuclear possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iran's nuclear possession - Essay Example rguments "for" nd "ginst" Irn's power to use nucler wepon re provided s well s conclusions bout the issue given in the end of the pper. Irn is the poster-child for the nexus of terrorism nd WMD. It is the world's foremost stte-sponsor of terrorism, s well s one of the countries most ctively pursuing nucler wepons. Wshington is vigilnt bout Irn's support for network of Islmist terrorist orgniztions nd persistent in pressing Irn to end its finncil, politicl, mteril, nd opertionl support to them. Recently, Bush nd the Pentgon hve clled Irn "rogue ntion" ( Third World stte tht possesses wepons of mss destruction nd sponsors terrorism). Irn is depicted s sort of regime, supposedly pursuing nucler, chemicl nd biologicl wepons cpbility nd missile delivery systems, tht justifies the building of missile defences. Like North Kore, the Pentgon in fct needs Irn to ct "s the bd guy" nd hs little interest right now in ltering its "behviour". Current president of Irn, Mhmoud hmdinejd, ws not much better known when he entered the presidentil election cmpign, lthough he hd lredy mde his mrk s Tehrn myor for rowing bck on erlier reforms. Since his election he hs tken tough stnd on number of foreign policy mtters, in line with his hrd-line bckground. His comments tht Isrel should be "wiped off the mp" nd tht the Holocust ws "myth" drew widespred condemntion from the West. However, to proceed with tht gol, president needs tobe empowered to ct nd mke decisions, which in Irn is n unlimited option since Irn's Islmic constitution provides n extrordinry concentrtion of executive power not in the hnds of the elected president but in those of the Supreme Leder, or vli-ye fqih, ppointed by council of clerics dominted by hrd-liners. In fct, the Irnin president wields less rel power thn perhps ny other elected chief executive in the world. This new constitution defines the Islmic Republic s new kind of stte, one ruled by qulified Islmi c jurists until the missing Twelfth Imm, the lst rightful ruler who disppered in 941, mkes his nticipted return to erth to usher in the ge of perfect justice. rguments ginst Irn obtining nucler power Militnt Islm is tody's engine of interntionl terror. Islmist schools breed new militnt genertion, Islmist sermons mobilize opinion ginst the free world, Islmist ideology legitimizes recourse to terror nd Islmist "chrities" bnkroll the globl network of terror. While most Muslim sttes re wre of this thret to the world nd their own stbility, there is one tht is ctully governed by Islmists: The Islmic Republic of Irn. Therefore, the principl component of the wr ginst terrorism should be the wr ginst mitnt Islm, which over the lst 20 decdes hs been inspired, nurtured, nd funded by the Islmic Government of Irn. The demise of the clericl regime in Irn would go long wy in "drining the swmp" of militncy nd rdiclism in the broder Muslim world with enormous geopoliticl consequences for U.S. ntionl security interests. Therefore, the permnent success of this cmpign rests on regime chnge in Irn. In short, the United Sttes fces

Gender Inequality in the Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Inequality in the Workforce - Essay Example Sexism is defined as a mindset or a belief that one sex is better or superior to another (Padavic & Reskin, 2002). It is actually discrimination based on gender. Males and females both can become the victim of sexism but usually, in workplaces, women face gender discrimination. Mostly gender discrimination is related to salaries, promotions, and recruitment. Also on a day to day situations, women encounter sexism. Â  Stereotypes are another form of popular belief about a particular group of individuals. These beliefs have no rational or logical basis but still, they are quite ubiquitous. Stereotypes can be related to genders, race, nationality or ethnicity. Any preconception about a social group without any logical and reasonable evidence can be categorized as stereotypes. They also play a role in discrimination in workplaces. Â  Both of these issues persist in workplaces today. This is mainly because of the diversity of the organizations. Today companies hire a diverse group of employees from different cultures and different genders. Because of this diversity issues like stereotypes and sexism come up regularly in organizations. Â  Females face both sexism and stereotypes. This is because of the mindset of the society regarding their kind. It was only in the 20th century when women were given the right to vote. Before them, they were considered unimportant to such an extent that their say in elections was not deemed important. Women are fighting with the same attitude even today in workplaces. The idea of female emancipation is not easy to digest for the society as a whole.

Flexural Response of Concrete Structures

Flexural Response of Concrete Structures Literature Review Introduction This chapter provides a literature review on the previous studies that have been conducted on the flexural response of FRP/FRC structures. Previous studies related to the effect of using discrete fibers on the concrete properties are first presented with a focus on the use of non-metallic fibers. Later in the chapter, previous studies conducted on continuous FRP-reinforced structures are presented. The chapter ends with a presentation on the research needs and the current research objectives. Fiber-reinforced concrete Background Concrete is known for its superior compressive capabilities. However, it has certain deficiencies like weak tensile strength, low durability, and brittleness. The high demand on more resilient concrete with better durability properties led to the development of fiber-reinforced concrete. Adding discrete fibers to concrete mixtures helps in bridging the micro and macro cracks. The random distribution of fibers resists the propagation of cracks in all directions unlike the longitudinal reinforcing bars that resist in only one direction. Fiber bridging allows stress to be transferred across the cracks, enhancing both flexure and shear resistance. In addition, fiber bridging enhances crack controlling by reducing the crack width and spacing. These enhancements result in better post-cracking ductility and energy absorption capacity. Fiber types Fibers are added to concrete mix to restrict the growth of cracks. Several types of fibers are commonly used in concrete construction. These fibers can be metallic like steel fibers, synthetic as polypropylene or natural like jute. The first two types of fibers are the most commonly used in civil engineering applications. Metallic fibers are known for their high ultimate strength, while the alkaline resistance of synthetic fibers makes them suitable for harsh environments. The usage of fibers depends on the required behavior of concrete. A comparison between the physical properties of different fibers is found in table 2-1. Metallic fibers Steel fibers are the most common metallic fibers, and the most frequently used fibers in concrete structures. They are known for their high tensile strength, availability and their reasonable cost.   Their high strength enhances the post-cracking behaviour of the concrete. This enhancement boosts concrete ability to control cracks and shrinkage. Different shapes and geometries are available to use in market. The typical diameter varies between 0.10 to 1 mm. Steel fibers could be straight, end-hooked, crimped, and flattened-end (Figure 2-1); this versatility helps in fulfilling market needs. Figure 2- 1: Various steel fibers shapes (Susetyo, 2009) Synthetic fibers Recently, the desire to use synthetic fibers, as an additional reinforcement for concrete,  Ã‚   has significantly grown. Known for their resistance for alkaline conditions, synthetic fibers became an attractive substitute for steel fibers in concrete applications.   In addition, they are chemically inert and have high melting point, which make them appropriate for structures subjected to aggressive environmental attacks. Synthetic fibers, figure 2-2, can be categorized according to their modulus of elasticity. Except for carbon and kelvar fibers, most of the synthetic fibers fall in low modulus of elasticity category, such as polypropylene, polyester and nylon. Synthetic fibers are very flexible, which prevent fibers from sticking or breaking during concrete pumping. Figure 2- 2: Synthetic fiber (adapted from testilelearner.ca) Natural fibers Fibers extracted from animals, such as hair and jute, are the oldest type of fibers used in fiber reinforced concrete. Comparing with their fibers counterparts, they are considered cheap, eco-friendly and available in many countries. With the implementation of new technology, fibers could be extracted from new sources such as basalt rocks. Due to their high resistivity to alkalis and acids, basalt fibers (Figure2-3), made themselves an appropriate candidate for concrete applications. Recent studies conducted by Jianxun Ma et al (2012) and Kizilkanat et al (2015), demonstrated the ability of basalt fibers to enhance the durability and post cracking behavior of concrete. Figure 2- 3: Basalt fibers (adapted from technobaslat.com) Table 2-1: Different fibers and their properties Fiber Diameter Youngs Modulus Tensile strength Type mm GPa MPa Metallic Steel 0.10-1.0 180-200 700-1800 Synthetic Polypropylene 0.02-1.0 5 450 Polyester 0.01-0.10 10-150 150-3000 Kelvar 0.01-0.03 50-70 3500-4000 Natural Wood 0.02-0.15 10-50 300-1000 Jute 0.10-0.20 25-35 250-350 Factors affecting the properties of FRC Fiber volume fraction The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is measured as a percentage of the total volume of concrete and fibers. This percentage is called fiber volume fraction (Vf).   It generally ranges from 0.5 to 3%. Previous studies showed that the fiber volume fraction is the most influencing parameter on the properties of FRC. It has been shown that increasing the fiber volume fraction enhances the compressive strength, the post-cracking behavior, and the ductility of the concrete element (Jianxun Ma et al., 2012). The increase in the fiber content increases the probability of intersecting the cracks and therefore boosts the ability of concrete to resist cracks. However, higher fiber contents could lead to workability loss and segregation of the concrete constituents. Problems associated with the high fiber content occur as a result of the decreased paste volume fraction available for the free movements of the fibers and aggregates. Kakooei et al. (2012) investigated the properties of concrete mixes reinforced with polypropylene fibers. The concrete compressive strength, its permeability, and its electric resistivity were evaluated. The fibers were added in amounts that ranged between 0 to 2 kg per cubic meter. It was reported that concrete samples with 1.5 kg per cubic meter of polypropylene fibers showed better results in comparison with other samples. The concrete compressive strength was found to be proportional to the amount of fibers added in the mix. The study conducted by Jianxun Ma et al (2012) on the influence of basalt fiber content (added in amounts of 1 to 3%) on the physical and mechanical properties of traditional cement-based materials. Fluidity and cube compressive strength tests were carried out. Test results showed that the above-mentioned properties were inversely proportional to the added fiber content. In addition, it was proven that the toughness index was directly proportional to the fiber content up to 2%. Kizilkanat et al (2015) studied the effect of fiber dosage of basalt and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of FRC. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) specimens showed the highest compressive strength at 0.50% whereas the glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) showed the highest compressive strength at 0.75%. Both mixes showed a reduction in their modulus of elasticity with the increase of the fiber dosage. A40% increase in the splitting tensile strength was observed in the BFRC mix at 1.0%. The increase in the flexure strength was more pronounced in the BFRC mix and was directly proportional to the fiber dosage used. BFRC specimens showed flexural strengths13 and 34% higher than those of the plain concrete specimens at Vf= 0.5 and 1%, respectively. On the other hand, GFRC specimens showed marginal increase in their flexural strengths with Vf= 0.5%. Fiber dosage of 0.25% had no effect on the fracture energy for both types of mixes. However, the fracture energy increased b y 50% at Vf=1% in both mixtures. Fiber aspect ratio Fiber aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the fiber length to its diameter (.Previous studies havedemonstrated that the fiber aspect ratio affected the properties of fiber reinforced concrete. High aspect ratios enhance the bond between the fiber and the matrix, which creates a stiff matrix and enhances the bonding between concrete and fibers. Shah and Rangan (1971) stated that the higher the aspect ratio the greater the ability of fibers to transmit stresses through cracks. Iyer et al. (2014) evaluated the 28-day compressive strength and modulus of rupture of basalt fiber reinforced concrete beams. Specimens had different volume fractions and aspect ratios (same diameters but varying lengths). Plain concrete and steel fiber reinforcement specimens were cast as references. It was found that increasing the fiber length and the fiber amount considerably reduced the workability of concrete. The fiber length had an insignificant effect on the modulus of rupture and the compressive strength of concrete when low percentages of fibers were used. For high fiber percentages, the results showed an increase in the modulus of rupture with the increase of the fiber length. The study showed that a major improvement in the compressive strength could be achieved by using 36 mm basalt fibers with Vf = 0.31% but not as high as steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens. Fiber geometry Commercially-available fibers have different shapes namely, straight, end-hooked, crimped, and flattened-end (Fig XXX). Recent experimental studies by Susetyo (2009) showed that concrete matrices reinforced with shorter fibers have higher deformation ductility and better crack control over those with long fibers. This was attributed to the large amounts of short fibres that could exist within the matrix, which improves the concrete ability to control cracks and bridge the tensile stresses across the cracks. Figure 2- 4: Commercially available steel fibers (adapted from steelfiber.org) A study by Branston et al. (2016) investigated the mechanical properties of two types of basalt fibers (chopped basalt fibers and minibars). It was observed that adding chopped basalt fibers retarded the first crack but had no effect on either the compressive strength or the post cracking behavior. Further examination using scanning electronic microscope showed that the chopped basalt fiber specimens failed due to rupture of the fibers while the minibars-reinforced specimens failed due to fibers pullout. Figure 2- 5 Chopped basalt fibers and Minibars used in Banstons experiment Basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bar This section reports on the use of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars in reinforcing concrete elements. Due to the wide range of FRP types that are commercially available, this section will focus on the recently developed basalt FRP (BFRP) bars and their use as reinforcing bars for concrete sections. BFRP bars are the newest members in the FRP bars family. They consist of basalt fibers impregnated in polymeric resin. The fibers are extracted from natural basalt rocks through a melting process. They are known for their high tensile strength, high modulus, and large strain to failure. Furthermore, they are known for their better durability and chemical stability over their glass FRP (GFRP) counterparts, which make them adequate for use in alkaline environments. To date, few studies have focused on the use of BFRP bars as internal reinforcement. The literature presented below is divided to three main sections as follows: Literature on the durability of BFRP bars; Literature on concrete elements reinforced with BFRP bars; and Literature on concrete elements with fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) reinforced longitudinally with BFRP bars. Durability of BFRP bars El Refai et al (2015) investigated the bond performance of BFRP bars to concrete through direct pullout test. Cylinders reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) were cast for comparative purposes. Different diameters of BFRP and GFRP bars, with variable embedment length in concrete, were used in this study. Results proved that BFRP bars could be a proper alternative for GFRP bars; as they attained 75% of GFRP bond strength. Smaller diameters of BFRP bars were more adhesive to concrete over the larger bars. This adhesion led to better bond between the concrete and the BFRP bars. It was noticed that BFRP and GFRP bars had similar trend regarding the effect of embedment length on the bond stress; as bond strength of both bars were inversely proportional with the embedment length. Altalmas et al (2015) studied the effect of various environmental conditions on the bond strength of pullout concrete cubes reinforced with sand-coated BFRP bars. Acid, saline and alkaline solutions were used to simulate different harsh environmental conditions.   The program consisted of 62 cube specimens reinforced with either BFRP or GFRP bars. Specimens were either unconditioned or subjected to exposure conditions for 30, 50 and 90 days. Results showed that BFRP specimens had better bond strength with concrete over the ribbed GFRP specimens, regardless the exposure condition,. BFRP specimens subjected for saline and alkaline solutions showed a 25% bond reduction after 90 days, while 14% reduction were reported for those immersed in acidic solution for the same duration of exposure. 25% bond loss was the highest bond reduction reported by GFRP specimens after 90 days. This reduction was reported by the specimens submerged in acidic solution, while 17% reduction was observed for specimens subjected to saline and alkaline conditions. Elgabbas et al (2015) investigated the short- and long-term properties of three different types of BFRP. The bars were conditioned in alkaline solution simulating the concrete environment to assess their ability as an internal reinforcement for concrete elements. The physical and mechanical properties of the bars were determined according to ACI-440 and CSA-807 test procedures. Concerning the short-term properties, the results showed that BFRP bars met the physical and mechanical requirements stated by ACI and CSA and could be placed in the same category as grade II and grade III GFRP bars. However, the long-term mechanical properties for the alkali-conditioned specimens showed significant degradation.   Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed that this degradation was attributed to the poor bonding between the resin and the fiber. Hassan et al. (2016) studied the bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete in aggressive environments. A total of 50 BFRP specimens were immersed in alkaline solution at three different elevated temperatures (40, 50, and 60o C) for 1.5, 3, and 6 months. Five unconditioned specimens were tested at room temperature 28 days after casting for comparative purposes. The bond strength generally increased with the increase in the surrounding temperature. Exposure for 1.5 months increased the bond strengths by 25% and 26% in the specimens conditioned at 50 and 60oC, respectively, whereas a minor reduction in the bond strength (about 4%) was recorded for specimens conditioned at 40. Specimens conditioned for6 months at 40 had the maximal bond loss (about 16%). However, all specimens met the minimum bond strength reported by ACI 440.6 and CSA-S807. Depending on the environmental conditions, the long-term bond-strength-retention predications of the BFRP bars after 50 years of service lif e ranged from 71% to 92%, Durability of BFRP bars Mahroug et al. (2013) studied the flexural response of simple and continuous slabs reinforced with BFRP bars. A total of 6 slabs having different reinforcement ratios and bars arrangement were tested in flexure. One continuously supported slab reinforced with steel bars was also tested as a reference slab. Results showed that slab reinforced with BFRP bars had higher deflections with deeper cracks than the reference slab. Over-reinforced BFRP-reinforced slabs showed higher loading carrying capacity. The authors reported that ACI 440.1R-06 overestimated the flexural capacity in most of BFRP-reinforced concrete slabs. ISIS-M03-07 and CSA-S806-06 reasonably predicted the deflections of the BFRP-reinforced slabs whereas ACI 440-1R-06 underestimated their deflections. Lapko and UrbanÃÅ' ski (2014) presented a comparative analysis of experimental and theoretical analysis of concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. The research consisted of three beams reinforced with BFRP bars and three reference beams reinforced with conventional steel bars. The results showed that the BFRP-reinforced beams showed higher deflections and crack width in comparison with their steel-reinforced counterparts. CSA806-02 accurately predicted the beam deflections at the initial loading level (up to 20% of critical load) with 9% discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental deflections. As the load increased, the CSA806-02 showed large discrepancy between the theoretical and the experimental deflections (up to 49%). Deflections based on the provision of ISIS (2007) and and by modified equation of Bischoff were the most accurate throughout all phases of loading. PawÅ‚owskia and SzumigaÅ‚aa (2015) investigated the flexural behavior of full-scale BFRP-reinforced beams. Three beams with different reinforcement ratios were tested until failure. Results showed that BFRP-reinforced beams having high reinforcement ratios experienced higher ultimate loads and stiffness that those having low reinforcement ratios. However, the former beams showed less ductility than the later ones. It was proven that the flexural design of BFRP-reinforced members is governed by serviceability limits since the ultimate deflections of beams were six times greater than the permissible values. Numerical analysis using ABAQUS showed a good agreement with the experimental results. Zhang et al. (2015) studied the flexural deflections of concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. Six beams reinforced with different ratios in addition to one control steel-reinforced beam were tested under four point loading. Results showed that BFRP-reinforced beams exhibited brittle failure especially the under-reinforced beams. ACI 440.1R-06 accurately predicted the flexure capacities of the beams but underestimated their deflection capacities. A modified equation considering the influence of the increased compressive zone was proposed. This equation showed higher accuracy in predicting the deflections of the BFRP-reinforced beams than the ACI equation. Finite element modeling (FEM) using ABAQUS package was used to model the BFRP-reinforced beams and showed good agreement with the experimental results. Elgabbas et al (2016) investigated the structure performance of six concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. The beams had different reinforcement ratios, number of reinforcement layers, and bar sizes. It was found that the ACI and CSA overestimated the cracking moment by an average of 27% and 24%, respectively. The average bond-dependent coefficient (kb) was estimated at 0.8, which was in agreement with the recommendation of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. The obtained results confirmed that the pre-cracking response of all beams was similar until cracking occurred with no evidence of being affected by the reinforcement ratio. However, after cracking, it was reported that beams with higher reinforcement ratios had better crack distribution and less crack width. The authors concluded that CSA provisions provided reasonable deflection yet conservative values over the ACI for beams reinforced with BFRP. Tomlinson and Fam (2015) evaluated the flexural and shear performances for concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars and stirrups.   A total of nine specimens were reinforced with BFRP bars were tested under four-point loading. Steel reinforced specimens were cast for comparison purposes. The parameters investigated included the type of stirrups (steel or BFRP) and the reinforcement ratio (varying from 0.28 to 1.60). Results showed that the service and ultimate loads of BFRP specimens were directly proportional to the flexural reinforcement ratio, regardless the shear reinforcement type.   In addition, BFRP-reinforced beams showed significantly higher strengths (2.8 times) in comparison with their steel-reinforced counterparts having the same reinforcement ratio. ACI and CSA adequately predicted the flexural strength of the BFRP-reinforced beams. Ge et al. (2015) studied the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams reinforced with BFRP and steel bars. Three hybrid concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars and steel bars, one concrete beam reinforced with BFRP bars and one concrete beam reinforced with steel bars were cast. Results showed that the ratio between the area of FRP bars to that of steel bars () governed the deflection and the crack spacing properties of the hybrid beams, as both decreased with the increase of this ratio. It was observed that under same loading, the deflection and crack spacing were maximal in the BFRP-reinforced beams and minimal in the steel-reinforced ones. Hybrid beams showed deflections less than those encountered in the BFRP-reinforced beams but higher than those of the steel-reinforced ones. It was also proven that the average crack spacing calculation theory is valid for hybrid-reinforced beams, while a new formula for calculating the flexural capacity was proposed for those beams. Hybrid FRC/FRP specimens Won et al (2010) investigated the flexural cracks of 16 beams reinforced with FRP bars. Parameters used in this study were the reinforcement bars type (GFRP or CFRP) and the reinforcement ratio. Steel reinforced specimens were cast for comparative purposes. 1% by volume of crimped polypropylene fibers was added to the concrete mix. Results showed that adding polypropylene fibers enhanced the cracking response of the concrete. However, it reduced its compressive strength by 23%, in comparison with the plain concrete. Both GFRP and CFRP under-reinforced FRC beams had smaller cracks, while the over-reinforced ones had an increased number of cracks formed. Polypropylene fibers didnt have much of an effect on steel reinforced specimens; as beams with plain concrete and with FRC had similar cracking response. A total of 36 specimens were fabricated by Belrabi et al. (2011) to investigate the effect of environmental exposure on the long-term bond behavior of FRP/FRC structures. Specimens were subjected to combined freez eand thaw cycles and high temperature while being submerged in salt solution. FRP bars in plain concrete were subjected to the same environmental conditions for comparative purposes. It was found that 0.5% of polypropylene fibers significantly enhanced the bond durability. An average of 28% reduction in bond strength was observed for FRP bars in plain concrete whereas only 6% reduction was observed for FRC specimens. Furthermore, 26% average reduction in design bond strength was reported for plain concrete specimens while only 10% reduction was reported for FRC specimens. Wang and Belarbi (2013) investigated the long-term flexural performance of FRP/FRC beams. Beams cast with plain concrete served as controls. Twenty-six over-reinforced concrete beams were subjected to freeze and thaw cycles followed by high temperature cycles before being tested in flexure. It was reported that all specimens failed due to concrete crushing. Results showed that conditioning had slight effect on the flexural capacities of both plain and FRC beams. However, 0.5% of polypropylene fibers enhanced the ductility index of both conditioned and unconditioned specimens by an average of 30%. Wang and Belrab (2015) conducted a research to investigate the possibility of using steel-free system to overcome corrosion problems associated with steel.   Their systems consisted of hybrid CFRP/GFRP bars and 0.5% randomly distributed polypropylene fibers. A total of 12 over-reinforced specimens were subjected to four-point loading configuration. The investigated parameters included the size and type of FRP bars and the concrete mix (FRC and plain concrete). All plain concrete specimens failed by concrete crushing. However, FRC beams failed in a more ductile behavior that was attributed to the bridging effect of the added fibers. Results showed that the fibers had significantly enhanced the concrete ultimate stain to an average of 3,300 micro-strains while 2,950 micros-trains were measured in theplain concrete beams. The addition of fibers improved the flexural capacity for the FRC beams up to 9% and the ultimate deflection up to 27%. High et al. (2015) conducted an experimental program to investigate the use of BFRP bars as flexural reinforcement for concrete members. In addition, they studied the effect of using chopped basalt fibers as an additive to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. Six one-way slabs reinforced with BFRP bars were tested in flexure and their results were compared with those predicted by ACI 440.1R-06.Under-reinforced slabs showed a lower carrying capacity than the balanced and over-reinforced slabs due to the rupture of BFRP bars.   It was proven that ACI 440.1R-06 adequately predicted the flexure capacities of the slabs but significantly underestimated the deflections at service loads. More precise deflection values were predicted by using the equation proposed by Bischoff and Gross (2011) while neglecting the effect of tension stiffening. The use of chopped basalt fiber resulted in an increase in the modulus of rupture of concrete with a slight effect on the compressive streng th. Conclusions: A summary of the previous studies that have been carried out on the flexural response of concrete structures reinforced with FRP, FRC or hybrid has been presented. Parameters recognized to have a significant effect on the behaviour of these elements are identified. The previous studies were categorized the reinforcement type; FRC, FRP or hybrid. An overall review on the factors affecting the behaviour of FRC is presented with a focus on non-metallic fibers. In addition, factors making non-metallic fibers more preferable than metallic fibers are highlighted. From the previous literature review, the following points are concluded: The presence of fibers in concrete has a great influence on the behavior of concrete structures. They have been successfully known for their ability to control cracks and shrinkage and enhance the post-cracking behavior. Those enhancements occur as a result of the bridge action caused by fibers. Fiber volume fraction is the most influencing parameter on the properties of FRC. Sufficient fibers are required to enhance the bridging action, while excessive fibers could lead to workability and segregation issues. Synthetic fibers are considered a promising candidate for reinforcing concrete structures. Owing to their alkaline resistivity, high melting point and high tensile strength, they are measured as a promising replacement for steel fibers in reinforcement concrete applications. Aspect ratio of the fiber is another important factor which influences the behavior of FRC. It has been reported that compressive strength and concrete toughness are considerably affected by the aspect ratio of fibers used in the concrete mix. The type of bars used as flexural reinforcement has a major effect on the behavior of the concrete elements. This occurs due to the variance in the physical and mechanical properties of the materials used in forming the bars. Reinforcement ratio is a significant parameter in BFRP concrete structures. It was found that specimens having high reinforcement ratios experienced higher ultimate loads and stiffness. ACI 440.1R-06 and CSA S806-06 were accurate in predicting the flexure capacities of BFRP structures however, they underestimated their deflection capacities. There is a noticeable lack of studies on the flexural response of BFRP slabs in the presence of basalt mini-bars. Among the few studies, this mentioned hybrid system proved to be efficient in enhancing the compressive strength of the concrete and improving its overall durability. None of the previous studies has investigated the effect of different fiber volume ratios of basalt mini-bars on the behavior of concrete structures reinforced with BFRP bars. None of the previous studies has developed a numerical model that is capable to simulate the flexural response of BFRP reinforced concrete structures in the presence of different volume fractions of basalt mini-bars. Research objectives: The overall objective of the current study is to investigate the flexural response of BFRP slabs reinforced with different volumetric ratios of basalt mini-bars. The detailed procedures of the current study are presented